Subject-Verb agreement
The basic subject-verb agreement rule in English is very simple. It states that a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb. However, there are a few problems with this formulation of the rule that need to be mentioned. To begin with, the rule makes it sound as if each and every verb has one singular form that is used with all singular subjects and one plural form that is used with all plural subjects. This is not true. If we disregard the verb be and the modal auxiliaries, all verbs have one form that is used in the third person singular, that is, with the pronouns he, she, and it, and with subjects that could be replaced by one of these three pronouns, as in example (1) below, and one form that is used with all other subjects, i.e. first and second person singular subjects (2) and all types of plural subjects (3):
(1) My sister has a baby.
(2) I have a headache and you have one too.
(3) They know her well.
The rule also makes it sound as if plural agreement is of importance in all tenses. This is not true either. Except for the case of the verb be, subject-verb agreement only takes place in the present tense. So, what we really need to remember, if we simplify the situation somewhat, is to put an -s on the verb in the third person singular (and to use the correct forms of be, have, do, and verbs like try and deny, which become tries and denies in the third person singular). However, one problem remains. How do we know in each and every case whether the subject is (third person) singular or plural? In most cases, this is not a problem, since if the subject is a single person, animal, or thing, we have singular agreement, and if the subject is more than one person, animal, or thing, we have plural agreement. In other words, as pointed out above, if he, she, or it could be used instead of the subject, we have (third person) singular agreement, but if we could use they instead of the subject, we have plural agreement. This is what is illustrated in the box below. In the examples in the box, as well as in the examples used to illustrate the rules below, the relevant subjects appear within square brackets, while the heads of the relevant subject noun phrases and the first verb (i.e. the agreeing verb) of the verb phrase appear in boldface.
[She/He/it] talks. = Singular subject and singular verb
The pronouns she, he, and it are examples of third person singular subjects, and the -s on talks indicates that talks is a third person singular verb.
[They] talk. = Plural subject and plural verb
No -s on the verb, since the subject they is plural.
[The kid]talks. = Singular subject and singular verb
The subject the kid is third person singular, since the head of the noun phrase functioning as the subject is the third person singular noun kid. Therefore we use the third person singular verb form talks.
[The teachers] talk. = Plural subject and plural verb
No -s on the verb, since the head of the noun phrase functioning as the subject is the plural noun teachers.
However, there are several cases where the facts are more complicated than this. Otherwise, subject-verb agreement would not be such a big issue for people writing in English. Some of the more important of those more complicated cases will now be listed and exemplified, and, in some cases, briefly discussed. Before we turn to this discussion it must be stated very clearly that when we say that the subject and the verb must agree with each other, we mean - in the case of noun phrase subjects - that the head word of the noun phrase must agree with the first verb of the verb phrase.
Modern Swedish has no subject-verb agreement in any tense. Swedish uses the same present tense verb form, the same past tense verb form, the same future construction, and so on, regardless of the number (singular/plural) and the person (first/second/third) of the subject.
In Swedish, there is instead agreement (in number and gender) between adjectives and the nouns that they modify, something which English lacks:
(1) den hårde mannen 'the hard man' (2) den hårda kvinnan 'the hard woman' (3) en grön bil 'a green car' (4) två gröna bilar 'two green cars' (5) Den här frukten är god. 'this fruit is nice' (6) De här frukterna är goda. 'these fruits are nice'The fact that Swedish has no subject-verb agreement is of course one of the main reason why Swedish people often do not get subject-verb agreement right when speaking and writing in English. The other main reason is that subject-verb agreement in English is next to always a purely formal matter, in the sense that whether or not the verb agrees with the subject does not affect the interpretation of the clause in which the subject and verb in question occur. In other words, the two sentences (7) and (8) would be interpreted in the same way, even though the second one is clearly ungrammatical.
(7) He is my brother.
(8) *He are my brother.If you are looking for an exception to the claim that subject-verb agreement does not have an impact on the interpretation, try using a zero plural subject, such as sheep. However, the fact that subject-verb agreement typically has no effect on the meaning or interpretation of particular sentences and the possibility that subject-verb agreement may seem pointless from a Swedish perspective does not at all mean that we can disregard subject-verb agreement in English. Quite to the contrary, native speakers of English react strongly against subject-verb agreement errors (also known as concord errors), in much the same way as native speakers of Swedish react to erroneous sentences such as
(9) *Husen var stort.'the houses were big'where the plural noun husen does not agree with the singular adjective stort. So, even though such errors normally do not make your message difficult to comprehend, their existence tends to distract native speakers from getting the message, and if such errors occur (frequently) in your written texts, there is an obvious risk that your readers will find it hard to take your message (and you as a writer and thinker) seriously. The obvious conclusion is that subject-verb agreement errors must be avoided at all cost. However, almost all writers produce such errors sometimes, so if you should happen to produce a subject-verb agreement in one of your texts, in spite of having read and acquired all the rules mentioned here, you are definitely in good company!
Singular noun phrases connected by or
Two singular noun phrases connected by or which together function as the subject require a singular verb:(4) [Myauntieor my uncle] is arriving by train today.Please note that it is always the first verb (is in this case) in the verb phrase functioning as predicate verb (is arriving in this case) that agrees with the subject. Also note that in the English examples that are used to illustrate these rules about subject-verb agreement, as well as in the examples in the box above, the relevant subjects appear within square brackets, while the heads of the relevant subject noun phrases and the first verb (i.e. the agreeing verb) of the verb phrase appear in boldface. Finally note that since my auntie and my uncle is a conjoined noun phrase, we have two noun phrase heads, namely auntie and uncle.
Singular noun phrases connected by either/or
When two singular noun phrases connected by either/or or neither/nor together function as the subject, they normally take singular verb agreement in formal English:(5) [Neither Jannor Anna] is (are) available.
(6) [Either Jamesor Carla] is (are) helping today with the presentations.The two singular noun phrases in each example are highlighted (boldface), and so is the singular verb. The corresponding plural verb appears within parentheses, to indicate that this is an alternative in less formal types of writing and speaking.
Connected singular and plural noun phrases
When a singular and a plural subject are connected by either/or, neither/nor, or or, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb:(7) [Neither Annika nor the others] are available.
(8) [Either Annika or the others] are available.
(9) [Annika or the others] are available.
(10) [The serving bowl or the plates] go in that cupboard.In a case like this, that is, when we have two conjoined noun phrases functioning as the subject, we want the verb to agree with the closest noun phrase head. Since it feels awkward to have singular agreement when one of the noun phrases that make up the subject is plural, it is a good idea to put the plural noun phrase closest to the verb and have plural agreement.
Noun phrases conjoined by and
As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more noun phrases that together constitute the subject when they are connected by and:(11) [A car and a bike] are my means of transportation.
Subjects containing along with, as well as, and besides
When (the head word of) the subject is separated from the verb by expressions starting with words such as along with, as well as, and besides, ignore these expressions when determining whether to use a singular or plural verb:(12) [The politician, along with the journalist,] is expected tomorrow.
(13) [Excitement, as well as nervousness,] is the cause of her stutter.In other words, along with, as well as, and besides do not behave in the same way as the conjunction and when it comes to subject-verb agreement (even though they have roughly the same meaning or function).
Indefinite pronouns and agreement
The pronouns each, everyone, every one, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, and somebody are singular and require singular verbs.(14) [Each of the contestants] sings well.
(15) [Every one of the experiments] is complete.
(16) It seems as if [everybody] is mistaken.Everyone is one word when everybody could be used instead. The expression every one consists of two words when the meaning is each one. Neither everyone nor everybody can be followed by an of phrase (so we have to say every one of the experiments, instead of *everyone of the experiments).
Sums of money and periods of time
Use a singular verb with sums of money or periods of time, that is, do not let the verb agree with the head word of the noun phrase subject, but rather with the singular sum of money or period of time:(17) [Ten dollars] is a high price to pay.
(18) [Five years] is the maximum sentence for that offence.Even though both dollars and years are plural, we get singular agreement, since we are dealing with one (singular) sum of money in the first example, and one (singular) period of time in the second example.
Words that indicate portions
With words that indicate portions, e.g. percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder, and so forth, look at the noun in the of phrase (the complement of the preposition) to determine whether to use a singular or a plural verb. If the complement of the preposition is singular, use a singular verb. If the complement of the preposition is plural, use a plural verb:(19) [Fifty percent of the pie] has disappeared.The singular pie is the head word of the NP (the pie) functioning as the complement of the preposition of.
(20) [Fifty percent of the pies] have disappeared.The verb agrees with the plural pies, i.e. the head of the NP functioning as the complement of the preposition of.
(21) [One-third of the city] is unemployed.
(22) [One-third of the people] are unemployed.
(23) [All of the pie] is gone.
(24) [All of the pies] are gone.
(25) [Some of the pie] is missing.
(26) [Some of the pies] are missing.
(27) [None of the garbage] was picked up.
(28) [None of the sentences] were punctuated correctly.
(29) [Of all her books, none] have sold as well as the first one.Please note that the fact that we can say both
(30) [Some of the pie] is missing.and
(31) [Some of the pies] are missing.could be taken to show that pie has both an uncountable and a countable use. Garbage, on the other hand, can only be used as an uncountable, i.e. we cannot say (32), or anything like that.
(32) *[Some of the garbages] were picked up.Example (29) above, repeated here as (33), shows that the verb agrees with the head of the noun phrase functioning as the complement of the preposition of in these cases, even when the complement of the preposition has been fronted (i.e. when it does not follow the preposition to which it belongs, but appears at the very beginning of the clause or sentence):
(33) [Of all her books, none] have sold as well as the first one.
Uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns are always treated as singular when it comes to subject-verb agreement:(34) [This wine] is not as sweet as that we were offered last Christmas.
(35) [Gravity]is an important force.
(36) [This information] is useless.
(37) [Research] tends to take a lot of time.
As is also discussed in the AWELU section on nouns (follow the link below) , nouns are traditionally regarded as either countable or uncountable. A countable noun is a noun that is typically used to refer to something that can be counted (e.g. one keyboard - many keyboards), while an uncountable noun is a noun that is typically used to refer to something that cannot be counted (e.g. air).
It is important to understand that even though a certain noun is basically countable, it may also have a fairly frequent uncountable use (and vice versa). Take the word beer, for instance. It is basically uncountable, as are all liquids and substances. In spite of beer being basically uncountable, we can naturally say things such as (1) and (2):
(1) She had three beers yesterday. (2) This is actually a beer that I don't like.These examples show that one and the same noun can have both a countable and an uncountable use. In fact, this is not at all uncommon. It is also important to understand that this distinction between countable and uncountable nouns is not ad hoc. Instead, it is based on what the world is like, or at least on how language users view the world and the various types of entities in it that can be denoted by nouns. What is meant by this is that whether a noun is categorised as countable or uncountable in a certain language depends on whether or not the speakers of that language think that the entity that the noun is typically used to refer to is possible to count or not. If something is possible to count, it can relatively easily be defined and observed where one of this entity begins and ends and where another one begins and ends, as it were. Given this brief and simplified account of the ontological and cognitive basis of the uncountable/countable distinction, we should be able to form the hypothesis that fairly closely related languages like English and Swedish, which are primarily spoken by people from relatively similar cultures, should not differ very much when it comes to which nouns are countable and which are uncountable.This hypothesis is correct. For the large majority of nouns, there is no difference in countability between the English noun and its Swedish counterpart. This is good news, of course. However, there are a number of important exceptions that we need to be aware of (in addition to remembering that one and the same noun may be used in more than one way), partly in order to get the agreement between subject and verb right. Estling Vanneståhl (2007:99) provides the following list of nouns which are uncountable in English, but countable or plural in Swedish (please note that the list is not intended to be exhaustive):
| UNCOUNTABLE IN ENGLISH | COUNTABLE OR PLURAL IN SWEDISH |
| abuse | skällsord |
| advice | råd |
| applause | applåd/er/ |
| behaviour | beteende/n/ |
| cash | kontanter |
| change | växel/pengar/ |
| equipment | utrustning/ar/ |
| evidence | bevis |
| furniture | möbel, möbler |
| garbage | sopor |
| gear (informal) | grejer, prylar |
| hardware | järnvaror |
| homework | läxa, läxor |
| information | upplysning/ar/ |
| interest | ränta, räntor |
| jewellery | smycke, smycken |
| knowledge | kunskap/er/ |
| lightning | blixt/ar/ |
| money | peng/ar/ |
| news | nyhet/er/ |
| nonsense | dumheter |
| pollution | förorening/ar/ |
| progress | framsteg |
| proof | bevis |
| revenue | statsinkomster |
| rubbish | sopor |
| stationery | pappersvaror |
| stuff (informal) | grejer, prylar |
| underwear | underkläder |
Dependent clauses and agreement
Dependent clauses functioning as subjects are treated as singular:(38) [That Paul might be a thief] has never occurred toMary.
(39) [What he failed to understand] was how she managed to escape.If you were to argue that it is actually how she managed to escape which is the subject, you may be right, but it would not change the fact that clauses take singular agreement, since how she managed to escape is also a clause. When two dependent clauses, for instance two non-finite dependent clauses with present participles as predicate verbs, are conjoined and together constitute the subject, we get plural agreement, as in the following example:
(40) [[Listening to music] and [watching movies]] are my favourite pastimes.
Agreement with the right noun phrase
The first verb of a verb phrase functioning as predicate verb does not necessarily agree with the head of the closest noun phrase, but with the head of the noun phrase functioning as subject in the clause in which the verb phrase in question functions as predicate verb:(41) I know that [my mother, who has four siblings,] loves me.
(42) We need to understand that [native speakers of English] get subject-verb agreement right more or less automatically.This rule sounds rather complicated, but it is not. The rule in itself is an example of what it might look like when we practice what we preach, in the sense that we make our sentences as clear, explicit, and unambiguous as possible. This means that anyone who knows the meaning of the words used in rule 11 also knows the exact meaning of it. As the examples above show, there can be noun phrases between the predicate verb and the head of the noun phrase functioning as subject. In the first sentence (41), the noun phrase subject contains the relative clause
(43) who has four siblingsThe last constituent of the relative clause is the noun phrase four siblings. This noun phrase is obviously plural, but since the verb agrees with the head of the noun phrase functioning as subject, it does not agree with the plural siblings, but instead with the singular mother. The second example (42) illustrates the same fact. The only difference is that the head of the subject noun phrase is now plural (people), while the head of the NP closest to the predicate verb, i.e. the complement in the prepositional phrase functioning as postmodifier to the head people, is singular (English). Moreover, it is important to understand that one and the same sentence may consist of more than one clause. If there is more than one clause in a sentence, there will be more than one predicate verb. Each predicate verb must agree with the subject of the clause to which it belongs, if there is a subject in the clause. Please note that a non-finite clause need not contain a subject. If we have a look at our first example sentence above, we may conclude that it consists of three clauses, since it contains three predicate verbs, namely know, has, and loves. These three verbs happen to be finite, so the clauses in which these verb phrases function as predicate verbs must also be finite. This means that there must also be subjects with which the predicate verbs must agree. The predicate verb know agrees with the subject I, the predicate verb has agrees with the subject who (which is coreferential with my mother, and thus third person singular) and the predicate verb loves agrees with the subject my mother, who has four siblings, which is third person singular. If we want to understand all this, we need to know about clause elements, clauses, and phrases (and their internal structure). If you feel like reading up on this, please follow the links below.
Definition of 'coreferential'
If X is coreferential with Y, X refers to the same person, animal, thing, abstraction, or idea as Y.
Clauses, phrases, and verbs are either finite or non-finite.
A clause is finite if the verb phrase functioning as the predicate verb of the clause is finite.
A verb phrase is finite if it contains a finite verb form. The two finite verb forms in English are the present tense verb form (e.g. has, is, writes, knows) and the past tense verb form (e.g. had, was, wrote, knew).
So, if a verb phrase contains a present tense verb form or a past tense verb form, the verb phrase is finite. This means that has played, is running, wrote, and knew are examples of finite verb phrases.
Similarly, a clause is finite if its predicate verb is such a finite verb phrase. The following clauses within square brackets are finite, since their boldfaced predicate verbs are finite verb phrases:
(1) I know [where you were yesterday].
(2) [She is my best friend].
(3) [When I was living in England], I was very happy most of the time.Example (2) is a main clause. Main clauses are always finite. To be able to stand on its own, a clause has to be finite (but not all finite clauses can stand on their own). Example (3) illustrates that a verb phrase that consists of a combination of a finite and a non-finite verb is always finite. Two further facts need to be stated and a conclusion has to be drawn:
- There can be only one finite verb in a finite verb phrase (but up to four non-finite verbs).
- The finite verb in a finite verb phrase is always the first verb.
- This means that the main verb is only finite when it is the only verb in a finite verb phrase, as in examples (1) and (2) above.
(4) [Living in England], he went mad.
(5) [Having spent three hours in an endless queue], Pat went home.Since these clauses are non-finite, we can draw the conclusion that went must be finite in both sentences, since otherwise the sentences would not have been able to stand on their own as complete sentences (which they obviously can).
There are some additional facts that we need to be aware of and pay attention to. To begin with, there are a number of nouns whose plural forms do not include a plural -s. Particularly important examples for people writing academic prose include the following:
(44) phenomenon - phenomena, criterion - criteria, and formula - formulaeRelevant to mention in this context is also that there are nouns where both the singular and the plural form end in -s, such as the following:
(45) hypothesis - hypotheses, analysis - analyses, thesis - theses, parenthesis - parenthesesWhat all these words have in common when it comes to subject-verb agreement, is that the singular form takes singular agreement and the plural form takes plural agreement, regardless of whether the particular form in question happens to end in an -s or not. The same goes for nouns that look the same in the singular and in the plural:
(46) sheep - sheep, hovercraft - hovercraftand nouns that end in an -s, but happen to be uncountable and thus singular:
(47) news, aerobics, diabetes, and statistics (the subject).Another fact that we need to pay attention to is that it is not always the case that we get plural agreement when two singular noun phrases are conjoined. If the two nouns are seen as forming a unit of some sort, normal plural agreement does not occur:
(48) [Bangers and mash] is my favourite dish.
(49) I will see to it that [law and order] prevails.
(50) [Egg and bacon] costs more than fried chicken nowadays.In conclusion, in addition to knowing the rules stated above, you sometimes need a good dictionary to find out whether a certain noun that you want to use is countable or uncountable, and if it is countable, if it is regular or not, in order to get the agreement between the subject and the verb right. You also need to understand that exceptional things may happen when noun phrases are conjoined. Sometimes the conjoined noun phrases are seen as referring to a unit, in which case we get singular agreement, but if the two noun phrases actually are seen as referring to two separate entities/substances of some sort, we get plural agreement (regardless of whether the nouns as such are countable or uncountable). The following two examples are intended to illustrate this last point:
(51) [Gin and tonic] is my favourite drink
(52) [Gin and tonic] are the two main ingredients in a gin and tonic.